By a former participant in Pentecostalism
Edited by Rick Ross
In writing this analysis, it is important to note that the Pentecostal
movement is diverse and heterogeneous. Some charismatic Christian groups
are extremely adhoc and fluid in technique, such as the Wesley and
quasi Pentecostal-Baptists churches, whilst other groups are more
organized and rigid. For example, the
United Pentecostal Church,
other so-called independent "Oneness" Pentecostals and at times the
Assemblies of God. And as a result, the diversity of Pentecostal
movements must be taken into account when reading this analysis.
This paper attempts to examine the main differences between mainstream
fundamentalist and/or evangelical Christianity and the Pentecostal
movement. As a rule, many believe that Pentecostals are identical to
fundamentalist and evangelical Christians and only possess different
techniques of presenting the gospel. However, this is far from the
truth. Some Pentecostal movements cannot be included alongside
mainstream Christian groups, that is the Baptists, Anglicans, Church of
England and so forth.
I am sure such an assertion may be seen by some as somewhat
controversial and debatable. Many are divided over this issue. Whilst
some assert that Pentecostals are like any other Christian group, many
such as Robert Bowman and John Weldon contend that some Pentecostal
sects can be said to exist alongside organizations such as the
Mormons,
Jehovah's Witnesses as
heretical organizations. For example, the United Pentecostal Church
International and/or "Jesus Only" or "Oneness" Pentecostals, the
Latter-Rain Movement and
Snake Handling Pentecostal sects. Again, many are divided about these issues.
I first became involved with a Pentecostal, Assemblies of God Church at
the age of 14. Since then, until the age of 17 church, my attendance was
on and off. Often I would go to more mainstream Christian churches, but
at times still attended a Pentecostal church. During my teens, most of
my family went to a mainstream Christian church. At that time, I was
confused as to which church I ought to join.
By the age of 17, I had become more attracted to the Pentecostal
movement for various reasons. The people seemed more inclusive, warm,
open and friendly than at other churches. I'd always thought the members
of other churches were rather indifferent, unfriendly and exclusive by
comparison.
Even though I wanted to get closer to Christ, my focus was not entirely on Christ.
In the Pentecostal church the lively atmosphere also fascinated me. The
music the singing, the clapping of hands, dancing and so forth. Even the
minister was more appealing. Often he talked of Christ excitedly, arms
swaying in the air, with a vibrant voice exhorting the audience to
contribute by saying: "Hallelujahs" and "Praise God Almighty"!
My friends and leaders would tell me that the Pentecostal church would
be more beneficial for me. They constantly emphasized that other
churches were "lukewarm" and that God would "spit the lukewarm out." On
the other hand, they considered their church as somewhat closer to God
because they were hot-hearted towards God. They'd tell me, "your family
doesn't really know the lord."
During praise and worship people would "speak in tongues," often all at
once. Then the minister would at times share a "prophetic word,"
whereby he pointed someone out of the audience and rebuked them for
their sins. I was always in fear that one day the minister would point
me out. If the minister were not rebuking someone for a sin of some
sort, he would predict how a person was suffering and verbalize their
feelings in front of everyone with emotive words and metaphors and tell
them what they should do. Even when people would start weeping and
violently shaking. But I would just brush my doubts away and instead,
became swept up in the emotion and hype. I now realize that I lacked a
basis of knowing who Christ really was.
In the Pentecostal/ Charismatic movement, Praise and Worship is not
organized around the clock. Singing, clapping speaking in tongues and
dancing can often last for hours. Here, it is important to draw
attention to the techniques and aims of the church in order to gain an
understanding of how Pentecostal worldview differs from mainstream
Christians.
Within Pentecostal church services the minister often encourages the
convert to seek spiritual gifts that are said to intensify religious
experiences. Some of the favored Pentecostal spiritual gifts, which are
not necessarily prominent within mainstream Christian churches, include
"baptism in the Holy Spirit" (i.e. "speaking of tongues"). "Speaking of
tongues" is when a person speaks whatever comes to mind. The Pentecostal
believes that what is spoken, which is a language only recognized by
God (i.e. glossalalia) or, a foreign language, which is not known or
understood by the speaker. But this can be interpreted by someone else
and is used to edify the church (i.e. xenoglossia). Of the two,
glossalalia is more common. It seems xenoglossia is quite rare nowadays.
Other spiritual gifts include the ability to interpret these tongues,
the gift of prophecy, discerning between godly and demonic spirits and
the ability to heal. Pentecostal services call for the converts full
involvement and attention in the church.
According to Poloma, the church 'service is often designed to make an
emotional impact and produce an emotional response.' (Poloma:
1989:188-9). For example, the ministers' talk in emotive tones, varying
his pitch from high to low. Furthermore, musical instruments such as
guitars, pianos, drums and saxophones seem to continually play an
emotive tune over and over again. Such techniques seem hypnotic. This
can be seen as a subtle form of manipulation. If one allows himself or
herself to be carried away, feelings may reach an emotional high and
even culminate in an altered state of consciousness.
Feelings and emotions play a large role in the Pentecostal religious
experience. "In many Pentecostal churches today, once the drum stops
beating and the organ stops throbbing and the volume of the service dies
down, the emotionally motivated Christian goes into an emotional low"
(Poloma: 1989:189). Such techniques seem to offer the convert a
temporary form of escapism from the big, bad world and often prepare the
believer for his or her next hectic week in the world. The techniques
used are also very attractive and appealing. This is because the more
appeal a service has, the more likely the faithful will return,
participate and contribute their time and money.
From my own experience, it seemed the Pentecostal Church services were
warm, vibrant and inclusive for newcomers. Such services aim to produce
"good" feelings and a sense of belonging. New or potential converts are
never excluded and old believers are always told to look after someone
new at the service. Cult experts have called such a technique
"love-bombing" (i.e. seemingly unconditional love). If the convert
conforms to the community, the love bombing continues. However, if the
convert chooses to disregard Church rules and those in authority,
regular members are exhorted to persist encouraging the potential
convert, and, if the potential convert breaches church regulations the
love is withdrawn.
Divisions between Charismatics, Pentecostal Christians and Mainstream Christian Churches
Mainstream Christian churches approach this issue with extreme caution.
They make a huge effort not to "forbid" people to speak in tongues;
hence they are not really opposed to this supposed "spiritual gift."
However, they also feel the need to stress that "gift of tongues" must
be used within the right context. According to most Christian scholars
if the majority of a Pentecostal congregation is speaking in tongues all
at once during church services, then it cannot be properly interpreted.
The bible clearly states:
"If anyone speaks in a tongue, two- or at the most three should speak
one at the time, and someone must interpret. If there is no interpreter,
the speaker should keep quiet in the church and speak to himself and
God." (1 Corinthians 14:27-8).
Hence tongues must be used in a biblical manner. From these passages it
is obvious that it must be used in an orderly way. Furthermore, the
bible also states, "In the church I would rather speak five intelligible
words to instruct others than ten thousand words in a tongue." (1
Corinthians 14:19).
Also it seems that the gift of speaking in tongues is not necessarily
for everyone. The bible states that there are many differing spiritual
gifts each coming from the same spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:4). Whilst
some speak in tongues, not everyone speaks in tongues just like whilst
some are great helpers there are also others who are not so great at
helping and may have strengths elsewhere. (1 Corinthians 12 8-11). On
the other hand, Pentecostals state that all should speak in tongues.
However, in many of the so-called "baptisms in the spirit" alter calls
I've observed, some people just cannot bring themselves to speak in
tongues and hence cannot bring themselves to be "baptized in the
spirit." Also, since tongues are considered a "spiritual gift," many of
the more extreme Pentecostals may look down upon those who do not speak
tongues. Those who do not speak in tongues may not be considered "spirit
filled." Such an assertion and attitude would be considered unbiblical
by most Christians.
Unlike many Charismatic Christians and Pentecostals, mainstream
Christians argue that once you accept Christ into your life you have the
spirit. In such Mainline Churches the primary emphasis is on Christ
rather than spiritual gifts. Furthermore, if someone has the gift of
tongues it is not seen as more significant than other spiritual gifts
such as encouragement, administration, mercy etc. On the other hand,
amongst some charismatic Christian groups and Pentecostals the focus is
often too much upon the so-called "spiritual gifts," which are seen as
something meant for everyone to edify the church. Obviously though there
are problems speaking in tongues at a church if no one is there to
interpret what's been said.
Throughout history such phenomena has been ambiguous and paradoxical.
For example, in the past religious sects such as the Mormons (Latter-day
Saints) and the Quakers have claimed the gift of tongues. Since not a
lot is known about xenoglossia and glossalalia it is important to
approach this issue with caution. Since there is also a lack of
objective proof regarding the origin and/or nature of glossalalia and
xenoglossia it is obvious that people base such an experience largely
upon faith. This attitude can be potentially dangerous. It may be unsafe
to be ruled by subjective feelings alone without some objective
balance.
Pentecostals often place their emphasis on feelings and emotions and
encourage, what can be seen as unbalanced thinking. For example, many
claim to speak in tongues and believe they are speaking in another
language, though this cannot be objectively observed. 'It is significant
that though linguistic experts have studied hundreds of hours of
tongues recorded on tape, they have never been able to identify any of
them as a known human language.' (Culpepper: 1977:101-2). There are also
arguments that there is no proper syntax to study and that only a few
vowels and consonants are made. Vowels would include A-E-I-O-U; the
consonants include all the other letters in the alphabet. Perhaps
Pentecostals might argue this is because the languages spoken through
tongues are "spiritual" languages, which are therefore unknown to
humanity and only known by God. But if this is the case, subsequently
tongues cannot be interpreted within the church and perhaps it would be
preferable if people practiced this and prayed at home, allowing for a
more private setting between a believer and God. This is reminiscent of
the scripture; "He who speaks in a tongue edifies himself." (1
Corinthians 14:4).
Another substantial problem with the practice of tongues is that "Many
Charismatics acknowledge that often when Christians begin speaking in
tongues they have doubts as to whether the experience is authentic,
whether the Spirit is giving the words, or whether they are just making
them up.' (Culpepper: 1977:91). Since the nature of this experience is
so ambiguous and it causes substantial doubts perhaps Christians ought
to approach this practice with more caution. Again, this does not mean
Christians should reject tongues altogether. Because in the bible it
states:
'Do not forbid speaking in tongues. But everything should be done in a fitting and orderly way.' (1 Corinthians: 14:39-40).
Hence, the issue remains sensitive and can be approached from a biblical
perspective, with caution and common sense. Certainly though, if
someone does not speak in tongues, this does not mean they are any less
of a Christian. An evident attitude though amongst many Pentecostal and
Charismatic churches is, "I can speak tongues and this means I'm
superior and more spiritual than other Christians who don't." OR, "Since
I speak tongues and that person doesn't, I'm a spirit-filled person
Christian and that person isn't. And they need to learn from me."
This attitude breeds spiritual elitism, a superior attitude and does
damage to some individuals, while building up the egos of others, but
does little to edify the whole church.
According to some Pentecostals prayer should be done as if speaking to a
KING. However, Baptists and other Christians say that prayer should be
done as if speaking to your father or friend. I've noted the differing
styles of prayer. Charismatic Christians and Pentecostals seem to make
their prayer more emotional and exciting. They often speak with a
quasi-language; that is, they may say a phrase in English then switch to
tongues and back to a recognized language again. Thus their prayer may
seem more elaborate and colorful. Charismatic and Pentecostal Christians
often criticize mainstream Christians for being lukewarm, even in their
way of addressing God. Mainstream Christians often pray in a neutral
tone of voice, some preferring to read out of a prepared prayer book.
They may leave out repetitive "hallelujahs,' "we worship you Lord"
and/or "praise God almighty" and then save the Amen until the end of
their prayer.
The bible states:
"But when you pray, go to your room, close the door and pray with your
Father, who is unseen. Then your Father, who sees what is done in
secret, will reward you. And when you pray, do not keep babbling like
pagans, for they think they will be heard because of their many words.
Do not be like them, for your Father knows what you need before you ask
him. 'This, then is how you should pray: Our Father in heaven, hallowed
be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done on earth as it is in
heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our debts, as we also
have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver
us from the evil one.'" (Matthew 6:613)
The bible encourages believers to pray in a way, which is
straightforward, thankful, honest and/or to ask for help. Since God
already knows what we need before we ask, clearly there is no need to
use the same repetitive phrases over and over again. After all, the Lord
knows if we pray with honesty. Therefore there is no use in emotional
hype when praying. The problem with trying to be "hot-hearted" towards
God in prayer is the danger of building up a façade. That is, trying too
hard to make God, and others see how hot-hearted we are about God
because of how we pray. This is not only unbiblical; it also obscures
the reason for prayer. For example: Generally, if you approach a very
close friend because you need their help, you would explain the
situation in a straightforward manner, ask directly for help and then
thank them. It would be unnatural to purposely become over emotional
and/or continually repeat a contrived refrain such as:
"Thank you for all you've done for me in our friendship. You're a great
friend, just so cool. For you've always been here for me. I'm in trouble
and need something. Help me Joe. Help me! You're my best and most
coolest friend. Thankyou Joe, Thank you Joe, Thank you soooo much for
helping me. I love you. Thank you Joe. I love you. You're a great
friend!"
Actually a friend might find such excessive emotion somewhat strange and
suspect that there was some amount of insincerity or phoniness
involved. This previous refrain would be comparable to a Charismatic
Christian or Pentecostal in prayer saying, "Oh Lord God almighty I feel
your presence. I worship you Lord with all my heart and soul. I praise
you-- for you are the Alpha and Omega the beginning and end. Hallelujah!
Amen! Praise God Almighty! Forgive me for I have sinned. Separate my
sins as far as East is to West. Oh Lord Hallelujah. Amen. You are so
holy, help me Lord, help me Lord. For you are the King of Kings and Lord
of Lords."
This repetitive memorized prayer technique does not seem natural or
spontaneous. It is instead a contrived jargon taken from the bible
seemingly for effect.
Prophecies are in the bible. They are mentioned throughout the bible,
especially within the books of Daniel and Revelation. However, there are
differing types of prophecy. The books of Daniel and Revelation are
prophetic about the future. Other types of prophecy include those used
to build up and edify the church (1 Corinthians: 14:4-5).
It is important to note that the term prophecy means different things to
different people. Some see it as superstitious, something that comes
from fortunetellers with a crystal ball. Others see it as addressing
social catastrophes in the world that have been predicted. And still
others believe it is connected to helping people through inspired
encouragement and/or preaching. (Culpepper: 1977:112-13).
Most Christian churches today seem to see prophecy as inspired preaching
or encouragement. They also see prophecy as predominantly historical as
expressed through the time of prophets and apostles recorded in the
bible. However, Charismatic Christians and Pentecostals see prophecies
as contemporary and common today. And also, the Pentecostal tends to
view the idea of prophecy as either addressing something that has been
predicted or as inspired encouragement or preaching.
Some Christian groups have gone too far with prophecy, which when used
incorrectly, can generate superstition and even turn some people away.
For example, within many Pentecostal churches I visited prophecy time
usually comes after or during praise and worship services. The music and
tongues die down, but gently and persistently keep playing whilst the
ministers voice rose to a firm pitch. Then, the minister would pick
people out of the crowd and rebuke them of sin or tell them what they
should or should not do about their current situation. Many vague
metaphors and emotionally charged words were used. For example: "Don't
change the way you are, you are beautiful and your life will flow like
abundant rivers." Or, "You feel like a broken and twisted arrow, the
Lord recommends you move on." Often, those picked out for a prophecy
either began weeping or violently shaking. Some were so shaken that they
fell back and had to be caught by another church elder.
These so-called prophecies seemed to target a specific person rather
than include the entire church. How then can this really be considered
as edifying the church? Again, as I said before, I was often in fear
that the minister would one-day single me out. It is this very fear that
the many of the more manipulative churches may operate upon. Such fear
is used as a tool to ensure that the convert stays in line and keeps on
track. Sometimes a Pentecostal church might clearly use such "prophecy"
to manipulate and judge a member.
Another prophecy I once heard stated, "Oh come to me my flock, come to
me and you will never thirst of grow weary." According to Schwertley,
'this kind of vague, nonspecific sort of 'prophecy' can never be
confirmed as real, because it contains nothing specific regarding the
future.'"(Schwertley: [ http://www.reformed.com/pub/charist.htm ] :p10).
It is obvious that this kind of talk doesn't really do much to edify
the church in a reasonable manner. It seems that members are just
allowing themselves to move into a kind of transcended temporary mode
and going along with the flow without questioning or challenging
themselves.
Some Pentecostal believers are gullible and/or ignorant. They really do
believe that what the minister is saying comes directly from God and
that no one else knows about it. However, it also seems that if a member
is said to be behaving in a devious manner, or a member chooses to
share with another fellow member about a distressing situation they're
in--it's not surprising that the first place the fellow member will
disclose this information will be to the pastor. Such information often
enables the minister to manipulate his flock. And since the issues are
either addressed or condemned in the public worship space, it seems that
the problems people are undergoing are not necessarily kept
confidential.
The manipulative techniques of so-called prophecies may cause
long-lasting psychological and mental damage. For example, one problem
that exists within some Pentecostal churches regarding prophecies, is
when a person speaks out and has not necessarily been commanded to do so
by God. In such a situation, another member of the church is to weigh
what is being said and tell that person to be quiet. In such a
circumstance there is also the danger of not speaking out. Furthermore,
many prophecies, which have been made, are untrue. In many cases these
prophecies generate unreasonable fears within believers. The faithful
church member is always trying to find and/or make meaning of the
prophecy. They may constantly seek to ask God what it meant. Such a
dilemma often leads to a type of mysticism and superstition, which is
inconsistent with the bible. One might compare such prophecy to looking
into a crystal ball or tarot cards.
Howard is certainly correct to argue that some Charismatic Christians
have a similar worldview to the New Age movement and to other groups
such as Christian Science. "Both Charismatics and New Agers offer
simplistic, quick fix solutions, which are based in magic and
superstition, to social and personal problems." (Howard: 1997:138). This
argument is further consolidated in their attitudes to sicknesses and
healing.
Within the Charismatic and Pentecostal movements the system of dualism
is deeply entrenched. There are often sharp divisions, which are
emphasized between the good as opposed to the bad, and the godly as
opposed to the ungodly. There is little leeway for gray areas or
ambiguity. Such an attitude leads to an intensified dogmatic and
simplistic attitude to the bible and to life situations in general. For
example, in relation to sicknesses and illnesses within there is an
attitude that "He's sick because he has an unconfessed sin.' Or, 'She's
sick because she's harboring an unresolved grudge.' Or, '
Benny Hinn
is unable to heal her because she lacks faith." Such doctrines are not
only illogical, but biblically unsound. If these assertions are valid,
why is it that so many people today, who harbor a grudge, are not sick?
Think of all the Christians and non-Christians alike who have
unconfessed sins. Some are jealous, lustful, arrogant, and boastful.
Since ALL of us have unconfessed sins, why is it that some aren't sick?
But instead only some of us are sick, while others are not. Just because
someone is sick, doesn't necessarily mean that person has an
unconfessed sin or is harboring a grudge. Such an attitude within the
Church is dangerous. (See Matthew 7:1-5) First, this is a judgmental
attitude. If a person feels condemned and judged it will only motivate
them to feel worse about themselves and/or leave the church. Church
should be a place for building up people. And church should never be a
place to make someone feel they're somehow less of a person for being
ill. Any assertions made about someone being sick because he or she
holds some grudge is clearly biblically incorrect. Christians believe
humans suffer in this world because we live after the fall, (i.e. within
a "fallen world").
Many Pentecostal Christians attend huge healing gatherings whereby
anyone who's sick is encouraged to attend in the hope of being healed.
Perhaps the most prominent healing ministry within the so-called
Pentecostal "Word of Faith" movement are the Benny Hinn crusades. Ten of
thousands of people often attend a single Benny Hinn crusade, which are
frequently held in huge stadiums. Benny Hinn has his own television
show, which is used to publicize so-called "miracles" of healing. In
Sydney, the Benny Hinn show is on television almost every morning at
5:00 AM or 5:30 AM. The program includes Benny Hinn teaching, Benny Hinn
and his believers in praise and worship and Benny Hinn healing the
sick. What's most astounding is the fact that Mr. Hinn has even claimed
the ability to heal people watching his rerun shows. Of course Benny
Hinn carefully explains he is the instrument of God, Jesus and/or the
Holy Spirit, who use him only as a channel for healing. This is somewhat
similar to the claims made by Christian Scientists and/or many New Age
healers.
Generally, such faith healers say, "Oh Jesus hallelujah,
hallelujah&there is a woman sitting somewhere in the middle of the
audience, her daughter is suffering from ulcers in the gum, God is
healing you daughter right now." The healer often exclaims, "Come out to
the stage and be healed." Is there any real evidence that the person
has actually been healed?
Although some people are said to have broken legs and crutches have been
thrown onto the stage, this does not necessarily mean a person has been
healed. Anyone can throw crutches on a stage and/or make claims. It is
important to objectively evaluate any healing not evident to the naked
eye by a process of expert medical review. Hence critical thinking is
required.
According to Schwertley, Jesus Christ healed people entirely who were
permanently deformed i.e.: had no ear, was blind, deaf, mute and
suffering from leprosy. Jesus healed in public places spontaneously in
front of both non-believers and believers. (Luke 22:51-52). He even made
the dead come to life. For example: Lazarus. Jesus healed people so
that they might come and believe in Christ. (Matthew 9:18-34).
Quite the contrary, modern faith healers like Benny Hinn only appear to
be able to heal temporary, common illnesses such as back pain, mouth
ulcers, and leg pain. Furthermore, modern healers today seem to heal
largely if not exclusively in front of their own following in planned
and confined Christian settings. Weren't miracles such as healing
supposed to be a sign for both non-believers and believers rather than
just for believers? Something is clearly not quite right if these
so-called healers are only conducting healing miracles in front of
believers. Are these modern healers really what they claim to be?
People like Benny Hinn and Kenneth Copeland have their own TV shows,
which are broadcast internationally. But should God's gifts be used for
show? These modern healers seem to take advantage of naïve believers who
contribute much money to their ministries. They then draw substantial
salaries and expenses, fly first class, buy expensive cars and often
live in exclusive neighborhoods. Healing crusades appear to be big
business and generate big money. According to Benny Hinn ( November 6,
1990, TBN sermon ) "poverty is from the devil and that God wants all
Christians prosperous."
Within the "Faith Movement" many people have been told that they don't
need to take their medications anymore. Taking this advice some really
believed they were healed and died as a result ( Cited within a 1998 "60
Minutes" episode ). Such tragedies will hopefully cause people to
question and consider such advice more clearly. Belief in healing should
be coupled with a proper medical examination, before any medication or
medical treatment is ended.
"Prophecy, healing, exorcism and spiritual warfare have all caused deep
and lasting harm to people with genuine faith. To many outsiders, the
movement would appear to represent a frightening return to medievalism
and superstition." (Howard: 1997:119).
According to Robin Arnaud, "Pentecostalism has become the largest and
fastest-growing form of Christianity on earth! Yet in its wake it leaves
broken lives, false hopes, a warped view of God and man, and often,
especially in the United States, financial ruin. An exodus of believers
from such churches began a few years ago and have now become a torrent!
Former Pentecostals and ex-Charismatics may soon become the
second-largest and second fastest growing Christian groups on earth."
(Arnaud: 1998, from unknown web page).
Charismatic Christians certainly appear to be zealous in their attempts
to gain converts and create miracles. But by acting too extreme the net
result may be a judgmental attitude and causing division in the church
rather than edifying it. Many Charismatics seem to love showing
mainstream Christians how things should be done. Again, the example
stated previously, "We're baptized in the spirit, we speak in tongue,
that means you should learn from us."
Charismatic Christians also tend to focus perhaps too much on feelings
and personal experiences rather than the bible. They place their
emphasis largely upon "spiritual gifts" rather than on Christ, who He
was, what He said and did. As a result, they often become inward
thinking and self-centered rather than focused on Christ and what He
wants us to be. In my own personal experience as a Pentecostal
Christian, Jesus became clouded like a distant figure.
In some cases it seems Pentecostal groups may almost worship a different
Jesus and some are apparently heretical according to Christian
scholars. For example, the so-called "Oneness" or "Jesus Only"
Pentecostals, which are largely comprised by the denomination known as
the United Pentecostal Church. Just because the words Jesus, God and
Holy Spirit are used constantly in sermons doesn't necessarily mean
their teachings are biblically sound and/or historically consistent with
established Christian doctrines and beliefs such as the trinity.
In today's society, it's easy for Christians to become caught up with
what spiritual gift you have and what spiritual gift you don't have. And
as a direct result many Christians seem to forget about who Christ is
and their own salvation. It can be destructive to become so focused on
works and so self-absorbed.
Is Pentecostalism "Cult like"?
There is a diverse range of Pentecostal and charismatic groups. They
cannot all be considered "cult like." Here are some points (Howard:
1997:140) to consider though, if you are in such a group and evaluating
its safety:
"A convert becoming increasingly dependent on the movement for definitions and the testing of 'reality'.''
"A movement drawing sharp, negotiable boundaries between 'them' and 'us', 'godly' and 'satanic', 'good' and 'bad' - and so on.'"
"Leaders claiming divine authority for their actions and demands."
Some other points from (Bowmen: Weldon: 1999:375) especially in relation
to "Oneness Pentecostals" that deny the doctrine of the trinity.
"Social isolation: Members are encouraged to distance themselves from
"outsiders" insuring further isolation and dependence on the particular
group."
"Spiritual intimidation: Members who leave may be told God will judge
them or they will be turned over to Satan. To leave the church is to
forsake God and court damnation."
"Compliance through shame: Those who violate OP (Oneness Pentecostal)
standards or holiness must confess their sins before the entire church."
If you are involved with the Charismatic or Pentecostal movement or know
someone who is involved that you worried about, I'd encourage you to
consider that involvement carefully and leave if you find that church
doctrinally unsound or destructive.
References:
Books:
The Holy Bible: NIV (New International Version)
Ankerberg, J & Weldon, J. Encyclopedia of Cults and New Religions: Harvest House Publishers, USA; 1999.
Culpepper, Robert. H. Evaluating the Charismatic Movement: A Theological & Biblical Appraisal: Judson Press, USA; 1997.
Howard, Roland. Charismania:When Christian Fundamentalism Goes Wrong: Mowbray: London, UK; 1997.
Poloma Margret, M. The Assemblies of God at the Crossroads: Charisma
& Institutional Dilemmas: University of Tennessee Press: Knoxville;
1989.
Web sites:
Institute for First Amendment Studies, Skipp Porteous
Reformed Witness, by Pastor Brian Schwertley
The Word is a Lamp to my feet: Houstons...we have a problem
The Word is a Lamp to my feet: Jumping on the bandwagon
Copyright © 2001 Rick Ross.