Preface
This brief essay is a preliminary attempt at
articulating the role of the Holy Spirit in relation to the
interpretation of Scripture. Criticisms and interactions are invited.
(It must be kept in mind, however, that I am addressing evangelicals.
Those with a different theological grid will, I am sure, find so much to
criticize in this essay that they won’t know where to begin!)
Introduction
The relation of the Holy Spirit to hermeneutics is a
hot issue among evangelicals today. On a popular level, there has
always been a large misunderstanding about the Spirit’s role. Many
Christians believe that if they simply pray, the Holy Spirit will give
them the proper interpretation. Others are not so concerned about the
interpretation of the text; rather, they are happy to see an
idiosyncratic meaning of the text (“What this verse means to me. .
.”). All of this is the doctrine of the priesthood of the believers run
amok. Although each of us is responsible before God for understanding
and applying the message of the Bible, this in no way means that a
pooling of ignorance or a merely pietistic approach to Scripture meets
the divine mandate.
Surprisingly, there is also an increasingly large
gap between conservative scholars. James De Young, for example, recently
said that “when it comes to scholarly methods of interpreting the
Bible, the Holy Spirit may as well be dead.”1
Why is there such a polarity? At least four reasons: (1) Because of the
shift toward postmodernism (and thus, from rationalism and logic to
experience as the norm for interpretation). (2) Because of the
unwillingness to do hard study, as David F. Wells has expressed it. (3)
Because evangelical thought has indeed imbibed too much in rationalism.
(4) Because evangelicalism is moving toward postconservatism in which
tolerance rather than conviction is the proper stance on many issues.
Some Key Issues
1. Any evangelical view of the Holy Spirit’s role in
interpretation must be based on the text. The fundamental argument over
this issue must wrestle with the major passages.
2. Many non-evangelical (even, non-Christian)
commentaries are among the best available in terms of lucidity, insight,
and understanding of the biblical text. Conversely, many evangelical
commentaries are among the worst available. Any view of the relation of
the Holy Spirit to hermeneutics must wrestle honestly with this
situation. The point for our purposes is this: understanding can take
place even among non-believers.
3. It is important to articulate one’s position in
such a way that we recognize the unique revelatory status of Scripture.
That is, we must not say that the Spirit adds more revelation to
the written Word. This denies the sufficiency of Scripture. Further, it
renders such an interpretation non-falsifiable because then the Spirit’s
added revelation is accessible to me only through you. Finally, it comes perilously close to Barth’s neoorthodox position that the Bible becomes
the Word of God in one’s experience. One can easily see how, in such a
scenario, the Bible can be employed like the proverbial wax nose to mean
anything the molder wants it to mean.
Some Key Passages
A key passage for a theological issue is known as a crux interpretum. Such a text is a hinge on which one’s views depend. Chief among the hermeneutical cruces are two passages: 1 Cor 2:12-14 and 1 John 2:20, 27.
I will not take time to wrestle with these in a detailed exegesis. But I
will highlight the major problems and discuss them briefly.
1 Cor 2:12-14
This text reads as follows:
(12) hJmei'" deV ouj toV pneu'ma
tou' kovsmou ejlavbomen ajllaV toV pneu'ma toV ejk tou' qeou', i{na
eijdw'men taV uJpoV tou' qeou' carisqevnta hJmi'n: (13) a} kaiV
lalou'men oujk ejn didaktoi'" ajnqrwpivnh" sofiva" lovgoi" ajll ejn
didaktoi'" pneuvmato", pneumatikoi'" pneumatikaV sugkrivnonte". (14)
yucikoV" deV a[nqrwpo" ouj devcetai taV tou' pneuvmato" tou' qeou',
mwriva gaVr aujtw'/ ejstin, kaiV ouj duvnatai gnw'nai, o{ti pneumatikw'"
ajnakrivnetai:
Translations vary considerably, especially in v 13.
But for purposes of brevity, the following may be regarded as
representative:
RSV: (12) Now we have received not the spirit
of the world, but the Spirit which is from God, that we might
understand the gifts bestowed on us by God. (13) And we impart this in
words not taught by human wisdom but taught by the Spirit, interpreting
spiritual truths to those who possess the Spirit. (14) The unspiritual
man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of God, for they are folly
to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are
spiritually discerned.
NIV: (12) We have not received the spirit of
the world but the Spirit who is from God, that we may understand what
God has freely given us. (13) This is what we speak, not in words taught
us by human wisdom but in words taught by the Spirit, expressing
spiritual truths in spiritual words. (14) The man without the Spirit
does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God, for they
are foolishness to him, and he cannot understand them, because they are
spiritually discerned.
ASV: (12) But we received, not the spirit of
the world, but the spirit which is from God; that we might know the
things that were freely given to us of God. (13) Which things also we
speak, not in words which man’s wisdom teacheth, but which the Spirit
teacheth; combining spiritual things with spiritual words. (14) Now the
natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are
foolishness unto him; and he cannot know them, because they are
spiritually judged.
The key issues here are: (1) the meaning of the last
clause of v 13 (viz., the referent of the two adjectives and the
lexical force in this context of the participle); (2) in v 14: (a) in
what sense the natural person does not accept the things of the Spirit,
and (b) whether the two clauses are parallel or appositional.
Unpacking these issues a bit, here are some tentative conclusions:
(1) verse 13 means either that Paul and his associates interpret spiritual things to spiritual people or something else
(there are a variety of options here). Nevertheless, one key point to
be made is this: one must not use such an oblique text as the
fundamental prooftext of any view. Seek clearer passages to prove your
point. (In the least, we can say that the NIV translation is probably
incorrect based on the lexical field suggested in BAGD.)
(2) In verse 14: (a) the natural person does not welcome spiritual truths. The verb devcomai fundamentally has this notion. It is more explicitly tied to the volition than is lambavnw. Thus, the natural person has a volitional problem when it comes to the gospel.
(b) If the two clauses are appositional, then the
natural person does not welcome spiritual truths and because of this he
cannot fully grasp them. If the two clauses are parallel, then Paul is
presenting two distinguishable but separate truths here: the natural
person has a problem with volition and the natural person has a problem with comprehension. The simple kaiv that joins the two clauses would normally be unconvincing as an indicator of apposition (although an epexegetical kaiv is, of course, possible): prima facie,
the two clauses of v 14 look to be parallel points. However, on behalf
of apposition is the fact that Semitic parallels (such as synonymous or
synthetic parallels) were often employed even in the New Testament; if
Paul is doing so here, he may well have the notion of apposition in
mind. The problem with this view is that ginwvskw
is a rather vanilla term for “know” (in spite of the protestations of
some). In other words, if this clause is in some sense appositional to
the preceding, we might have expected another word, such as oida. The presence of ginwvskw
seems to indicate that two separate notions are involved: the natural
person does not properly understand revelation because of sin’s effects
on his will and on his mind. This latter category involves the noetic effects of sin. Such a theological category is consistent with Paul and the NT. Sin affects our wills, emotions, and our minds.
In sum, 1 Cor 2:12-14 is saying that the non-Christian will not accept spiritual truths and
cannot understand them. These are two distinct though related concepts.
Non-Christians do indeed plainly understand the gospel message at
times; further, unbelieving exegetes do often offer valuable insights
into the text. That is not disputed here. Paul’s point seems to be that
the depths of God’s ways and God’s wisdom cannot even be touched by
non-believers. There is a level to which they cannot attain.
1 John 2:20, 27
This text reads as follows:
(20) kaiV uJmei'" cri'sma e[cete
ajpoV tou' aJgivou, kaiV oi[date pavnte". . . . (27) kaiV uJmei'" toV
cri'sma o} ejlavbete ajp aujtou' mevnei ejn uJmi'n, kaiV ouj creivan
e[cete i{na ti" didavskh/ uJma'": ajll wJ" toV aujtou' cri'sma didavskei
uJma'" periV pavntwn, kaiV ajlhqev" ejstin kaiV oujk e[stin yeu'do",
kaiV kaqwV" ejdivdaxen uJma'", mevnete ejn aujtw'/.
The key elements in these verses are: (1) v 20: “you
all know it” (i.e., you all know that you have an anointing from the
Holy One); (2) v 27: (a) “you have no need that anyone should teach you”
and (b) “his anointing teaches you concerning all things.”
A few comments are in order: (1) This passage
illustrates three of the most important rules of exegesis: CONTEXT,
CONTEXT, CONTEXT. Only if we ignore the context can we construe a
meaning that universalizes this text. (2) Verse 20 indicates that what
the believers know by personal experience (oida)
is their anointing. I take it that this is the inner witness of the
Spirit: they recognize that the Spirit ministers to them in an
immediate, non-discursive role, convincing them of their relationship to
God (cf. Rom 8:16).
(3) If the author is saying that no one should teach them anything at
all, why then does he teach them in this letter? Surely, the immediate
context suggests something different. (4) The anointing that teaches
them about all things also needs to be contextualized. The author is
contrasting these believers with heretics who have removed themselves
from the believing community (cf. 2:19). The author stresses what these
believers know: that Christ has come in the flesh, that he will come
again, and that they are the children of God. He also stresses how these believers discern the essential truths of the faith: they have the Spirit of God. He is convinced that they will stay true to the faith—that they will abide (mevnw)— because “greater is he that is in you than he that is in the world” (4:4).
Thus, on the one hand, 1 John 2:20, 27
does not indicate that the Holy Spirit circumvents the interpretive
process. On the other hand, the Holy Spirit does work on our hearts,
convincing us of the essential truths of the faith. One who does not
have the Spirit of God cannot believe such truths and hence cannot know
them experientially.
The Relation of the Holy Spirit to Interpretation
My preliminary conclusions are offered here. I
believe that there are at least seven or eight ways in which the Holy
Spirit relates to interpretation. Many of these are overlapping; some
folks might want to organize them differently.
1. The Spirit’s work is primarily in the realm of conviction
rather than cognition. At the same time, even this area needs some
nuancing. One’s convictions do impact one’s perceptions. Thus, it seems
that the Holy Spirit may be said to aid our interpretation, even if his
role were limited to that of conviction. How?
2. Experiential knowledge has a boomerang
effect back on intellectual comprehension. In several areas, to the
extent that an interpreter has experienced what is being proposed,
he/she can comprehend it. For example, if someone has never been in
love, he/she has a more difficult time understanding fully all that
romance involves.
3. To the extent that one is disobedient to
Scripture, yet respects its authority (at least with his lips), he will
twist the text. Cf. 2 Pet 3:15-16. Conversely, to the extent that one is obedient to Scripture, he/she will be in a better position to understand it and deal with it honestly.
4. Sympathy to the biblical author opens up
understanding. The most sympathetic exegete is the believer. An
unsympathetic interpreter often misunderstands because of the lack of
desire to understand. This can easily be illustrated in the political
arena. Those who are vigorous about the rightness of a particular party
tend to villify all that is in the other party. Even among Christians
there is often a “canon within a canon.” That is, some books/authors are
respected more highly than others. To the extent that we do not
cultivate sympathy for all the authors of Scripture we close ourselves
to the full impact of their message.
At the same time, if one is sympathetic to the
divine author while ignoring the human author, several tensions in
Scripture will be overlooked. Thus, ironically, when inerrancy is
paraded along docetic bibliological lines (as it often is today), one’s
interpretation is often more a defense of a supposed harmony than an
honest investigation into an author’s meaning. Progressive revelation
gets flattened out; human authors become mere stenographers. Tensions go
unobserved, only to be raised as flat-out contradictions by those who
do not have much sympathy for Scripture, leaving evangelicals in a
position of having to do damage control. Recognizing the tensions in
Scripture as well as the progress of revelation—and that the Bible is both a divine book and a very human book—avoids such problems.
5. Those who embrace in principle a belief in the supernatural
are in a better position to interpret both miracles and prophecy. These
elements of Scripture simply cannot be treated adequately by
non-believers. This goes beyond mere sympathy to world-view. If one
steadfastly disbelieves that prophecy can take place, then he will have
to explain the prophetic portions of Scripture as other than real
predictions. They will either be discredited as unfulfilled or else
treated as vaticinium ex eventu (or prophecy after the fact).
Miracles also need to be rewritten so as to be demythologized. C. S.
Lewis’ critique several decades ago still stands as a valid indictment
against this treatment of Scripture: to treat Scripture—especially the
NT—as full of fables presupposes a timeline that is demonstrably untrue.
The gap from the time of the events to the telling of the tale is
simply too short, finding no parallels in any purportedly historical
literature. Lewis concludes that those who call the NT fable-filled have
never really studied fables. Or as Vincent Taylor, the British NT
scholar, noted, to regard the NT documents as full of myth presupposes
that all the eyewitnesses must have vanished almost immediately after
the events took place. In short, when it comes to miracles and prophecy,
the believer is in a far better position to understand the message.
This bears some similarities with Jesus’ indictment of the Sadducees for
not embracing the resurrection: “You do not know the Scriptures or the
power of God.”
6. The inner witness of the Spirit (cf. Rom 8:16; 1 John 2:20, 27,
etc.) is an important factor in both conviction and perception of the
central truths of Scripture. From my tentative study, I would say that
the Spirit’s witness is an immediate, non-discursive, supra-rational
testimony of the truth of the central tenets of the faith. The Spirit
convinces us of their truth in an extra-exegetical way. What exactly
does he convince us of? Some of these things are: (1) our filial
relationship to God; (2) the bodily resurrection of Christ; (3) the
humanity of Christ; (4) the bodily return of Christ; (5) the deity of
Christ; (6) the nature of salvation as a free gift from God. The
Spirit’s testimony may, indeed, be broader than this. But how broad? It
is doubtful that the Spirit bears witness to the time it took for God to
create the universe, or whether dispensationalism or covenant theology
is the better system, or whether inerrancy is true. I doubt that he
bears witness to what form of church government is to be preferred, the
role of women in leadership, or how to define spiritual gifts. There are
so many matters in Scripture that are left for us to examine using the
best of our rational and empirical resources! But this does not mean
that we cannot come to some fairly firm conclusions about them. It does
mean, however, that these are issues that are more peripheral than
others regarding salvation. I do believe that these ‘negotiables’ are
important areas of investigation. Proper conclusions about many of them
(but not all) are necessary for the health of the Church, but are not essential for the life of the Church.
Three final comments on the inner witness of the
Spirit: (1) That I have even offered a preliminary taxonomy of doctrine
may be startling to some. The alternative is to view all doctrine as of
equal importance. But this is problematic historically, exegetically,
and spiritually. Such a ‘domino’ view of doctrine results either in
unsupportable dogma coupled with smug arrogance, or a crashing of
virtually all one’s doctrinal beliefs (because if one falls down, they
all fall down). (2) That several areas are apparently not witnessed to
by the Spirit does not mean that they are not important. Rather, it
means both that the less central they are to salvation and to the health
of the Church, the more freedom and tolerance we should allow to those
who disagree with us. This requires a measure of humility in such
matters—even on issues that are currently hot topics (such as spiritual
gifts and the role of women in leadership). Part of the real challenge
of grappling with these issues is to determine how much the health of
the Church is impacted by our exegetical decisions. But the presentation
of one’s findings must always be accompanied by a spirit of charity. Be
careful not to elevate your own non-central beliefs to the first level
of conviction that is reserved for those truths which the Spirit bears
witness to. (3) The inner witness of the Spirit can be suppressed to a
degree. One must keep a warm heart toward God (through prayer, worship,
community, humility, obedience, etc.) and a nuanced vigilance over the
preciousness of these central truths (through study of both the
Scriptures and the history of the Church), in order to cultivate the
apprehension of the Spirit’s inner witness.
7. General illumination is also an area in which the Spirit helps our interpretation. By general illumination I mean his work in helping us to understand any
area of life and the world. This needs more exploration. In general, I
believe that the Spirit helps us in clearing our minds as we wrestle
with many things—from paying taxes, to finding car keys, to taking
exams. Why would we exclude Scripture from this matrix? Certainly
Scripture is not outside the purview of the Spirit’s general aid offered
to believers. Admittedly, this area of investigation needs more work.
My thoughts are merely preliminary.
8. Corporate and historical illumination: Via
the whole body of Christ—both in its current manifestation and
throughout history—believers have come to understand God’s will and
God’s Word better. We dare not elevate either consensus opinion or
tradition to the status of infallible authority however! But such areas
ought not to be relegated to disdain either. After all, the Holy Spirit
did not start with you when he began teaching the Church; he’s been in
this business for a few centuries.
* * *
I conclude this paper with three caveats:
1. Don’t view the limits of exegesis as the
interpretation of a text. Ultimately, the goal of exegesis is not
interpretation, but transformation.
2. Don’t assume that because you pray, are
spiritual, etc., that your interpretation is right. Laziness in the
study is no excuse for a poor interpretation. Further, even if you are
not lazy, an inaccessible interpretation must still be judged an
improbable interpretation.
3. Don’t isolate your study from your worship. Those
in seminary especially should take very seriously the mandate for those
who would be ministers of the Word: Study! Exposition that is
not borne of hard study produces a warm fuzzy feeling that lacks
substance. It is candy for the soul. At the same time, if your study is
merely a cognitive exercise rather than a part of the worship you offer
up to God, it will have a cold and heartless effect. Eating a rock may
be a way to get your daily minerals, but who would want to take their
minerals in such an indigestable form?
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